runenv

Manage application settings with ease using runenv, a lightweight tool inspired by The Twelve-Factor App methodology for configuration through environment variables.

runenv provides: - A CLI for language-agnostic .env profile execution - A Python API for programmatic .env loading

“Store config in the environment” — 12factor.net/config

Section	Status
CI/CD
PyPI
Python
Style
License
Docs	CHANGELOG.md

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Table of Contents

• Key Features
• Quick Start
• Installation
• CLI Usage
• Python API
• Multiple Profiles
• Framework Integrations
• Parsing Behaviour
• Variable Expansion
• Quoting and Escape Sequences
• Inline Comments
• Including Other Files
• Required Variables
• Sample .env File
• Similar Tools

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Key Features

• 🚀 CLI-First: Use .env files across any language or platform.
• 🐍 Python-native API: Load and transform environment settings inside Python.
• ⚙️ Multiple Profiles: Switch easily between .env.dev, .env.prod, etc.
• ⚙️ Multiple Formats: Use plain .env, .env.json, .env.toml, or .env.yaml
• ⚙️ Autodetect Env File: Looking for .env, .env.json, .env.toml, and .env.yaml
• 🔧 Parameter Expansion: Bash-style ${VAR:-default}, ${VAR:?msg}, ${VAR:+alt} operators.
• ✏️ Escape Sequences: \n, \t, \\, \" in double-quoted values; $$ for a literal $.
• 📄 Multi-line Values: Triple-quoted heredoc syntax ("""...""" / '''...''').
• 🔒 Required Variables: # @required VAR declarations fail fast on missing config.
• 📎 File Includes: # @include path merges another env file inline for layered config.
• 🧩 Framework-Friendly: Works well with Django, Flask, FastAPI, and more.

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Quick Start

Installation

pip install runenv
pip install runenv[toml] # if you want to use .env.toml in python < 3.11
pip install runenv[yaml] # if you want to use .env.yaml

CLI Usage

Run any command with a specified environment:

runenv run --env-file .env.dev -- python manage.py runserver
runenv run --env-file .env.prod -- uvicorn app:app --host 0.0.0.0
runenv list [--env-file .env]           # view parsed variables
runenv lint [--env-file .env]           # check for errors in env file
runenv lint --strict [--env-file .env]  # also warn on ambient/undefined refs

---

Python API

Load .env into os.environ

Note: The load_env will not parse env_file if the runenv CLI was used, unless you force=True it.

from runenv import load_env

load_env() # loads .env
load_env(
    env_file=".env.dev",    # file to load - will be autodetected if not passed
    prefix='APP_',          # load only APP_.* variables from file
    strip_prefix=True,      # strip ^ prefix when loading variables
    force=True,             # load env_file even if the `runvenv` CLI was used
    search_parent=1,        # look for env_file in current dir and its 1 parent dirs
    require_env_file=False  # raise error if env file is missing, otherwise just ignore
)

Read .env as a dictionary

from runenv import create_env

config = create_env() # parse .env content into dictionary
config = create_env(
    env_file=".env.dev",    # file to load - will be autodetected if not passed
    prefix='APP_',          # parse only APP_.* variables from file
    strip_prefix=True,      # strip ^ prefix when parsing variables
    search_parent=1,        # look for env_file in current dir and its 1 parent dirs
)
print(config)

Options include: - Filtering by prefix - Automatic prefix stripping - Searching parent directories

---

Multiple Profiles

Use separate .env files per environment:

runenv .env.dev flask run
runenv .env.staging python main.py
runenv .env.production uvicorn app.main:app

Recommended structure:

.env.dev
.env.test
.env.staging
.env.production

---

Framework Integrations

Note: If you're using runenv .env [./manage.py, ...] CLI then you do not need change your code. Use these integrations only if you're using Python API.

Django

# manage.py or wsgi.py
from runenv import load_env
load_env(".env")

Flask

from flask import Flask
from runenv import load_env

load_env(".env")
app = Flask(__name__)

FastAPI

from fastapi import FastAPI
from runenv import load_env

load_env(".env")
app = FastAPI()

---

Parsing Behaviour

Situation	Behaviour
Duplicate key	Last definition wins; a warning is emitted by lint
Key exactly equal to --prefix	Skipped (stripping would produce an empty name)
Key without matching prefix	Skipped and reported as info by lint

Duplicate keys are not an error — the last value in the file takes effect, matching the behaviour of most shell .env loaders. Use runenv lint to surface duplicates as warnings before they reach production.

Variable Expansion

${VAR} references resolve against variables defined in the same file and then fall back to the calling shell's os.environ. The following bash-style parameter expansion operators are supported:

Syntax	Behaviour
${VAR}	Value of VAR; empty string if unset
${VAR:-default}	Value of VAR if set and non-empty, otherwise default
${VAR-default}	Value of VAR if set (even if empty), otherwise default
${VAR:?msg}	Value of VAR if set and non-empty; fatal error with msg otherwise
${VAR:+alt}	alt if VAR is set and non-empty, otherwise empty string

The :? operator causes runenv run / runenv list to exit non-zero and runenv lint to report an error-level message with the line number where the variable is declared.

Quoting and Escape Sequences

Style	Escape processing	Variable expansion
Unquoted VAR=value	None	Yes
Single-quoted VAR='value'	None	Yes
Double-quoted VAR="value"	\n \t \r \\ \"	Yes
Triple double-quoted VAR="""..."""	Same as double-quoted	Yes
Triple single-quoted VAR='''...'''	None	Yes

Double-quoted values process the standard escape sequences:

GREETING="Hello\tWorld\n"   # tab + newline
PATH_VAL="C:\\Users\\name"  # literal backslashes
QUOTED="say \"hi\""         # embedded double quote

Use $$ anywhere to emit a literal $ without triggering variable expansion:

PGSERVICE=$$HOME/.pgservice  # value: $HOME/.pgservice
TEMPLATE=price: $$${AMOUNT}  # literal $ followed by expanded AMOUNT

Triple-quoted values span multiple lines — useful for certificates, JSON blobs, or any multi-line secret:

PRIVATE_KEY="""
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
MIIEpAIBAAKCAQEA...
-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
"""

RAW_TEXT='''
no \n escape processing here
$$HOME is literal too
'''

Inline Comments

Comments start with #. The rules depend on quoting:

Style	# treatment
Unquoted VAR=value # comment	# ends the value; trailing spaces before # are stripped
Double-quoted VAR="value # hash"	# inside quotes is a literal character
Single-quoted VAR='value # hash'	# inside quotes is a literal character

DEBUG=1         # this comment is stripped → value is "1"
MSG=hello world # this too → value is "hello world"
TAG="v1.0 # rc" # hash is part of the value → "v1.0 # rc"

To include a literal # in an unquoted value, quote the value instead.

Including Other Files

Use # @include path to load another env file at that point in the current file. Paths are relative to the file containing the directive.

# @include .env.base
# @include ../shared/secrets.env

PORT=8080  # overrides anything in included files above

Merge order: variables are processed in the order they appear — included files are expanded inline at the directive's position. A variable defined after the @include line overrides a same-named variable from the included file; a variable defined before is overridden by the included file.

Error cases reported by runenv lint: - Included file not found — error-level message, parsing continues - Circular include (A includes B includes A) — error-level message, the cycle is broken

# @required directives inside included files are honoured.

Required Variables

Declare variables that must be present and non-empty with # @required:

# @required DATABASE_URL, SECRET_KEY
# @required PORT

DATABASE_URL=postgresql://localhost/mydb
SECRET_KEY=${APP_SECRET:?APP_SECRET must be set}
PORT=${PORT:-8000}

If any declared variable is missing or empty after full expansion, runenv lint reports an error at the directive's line number and runenv run exits non-zero. Multiple names can appear on one line (comma-separated) or across multiple directives.

# @required and ${VAR:?msg} are complementary, not duplicates. Use # @required to declare top-level contracts on the keys your application needs. Use ${SOURCE:?msg} when building a value from another variable and you want a specific error message that names the source. Don't combine both on the same variable.

---

Sample .env File

# Pull in shared base configuration
# @include .env.base

# Declare required variables — runenv fails fast if any are missing
# @required DATABASE_URL, SECRET_KEY

# export keyword accepted for shell-source compatibility
export HOST=localhost
PORT=${PORT:-8000}
URL=http://${HOST}:${PORT}

# Parameter expansion
CACHE_URL=${REDIS_URL:-redis://localhost:6379}   # default if unset/empty
LOG_LEVEL=${LOG_LEVEL-info}                      # default only if unset
FEATURE_HEADER=${FEATURE_FLAG:+X-Feature: on}   # set only when flag is on

# :? is for inline interpolation guards (different from # @required):
# it fails with a custom message pointing at the *source* variable
DATABASE_URL=${DATABASE_URL:?DATABASE_URL must be set}
SECRET_KEY=${SECRET_KEY:?SECRET_KEY must be set}

# Escape sequences in double-quoted strings
GREETING="Hello\tWorld"
WINDOWS_PATH="C:\\Users\\deploy"

# Literal $ with $$ — no variable expansion triggered
PGSERVICE=$$HOME/.pgservice

# Multi-line heredoc value (triple-quoted)
BANNER="""
Welcome to MyApp
Running on ${HOST}:${PORT}
"""

# Quotes and inline comments
EMAIL="admin@example.com" # Inline comment
TOKEN='s3cr3t'
DEBUG=1

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Similar Tools

• python-dotenv – Python-focused, lacks CLI tool
• envdir – Directory-based env manager
• dotenv-linter – Linter for .env files

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With runenv, you get portable, scalable, and explicit configuration management that aligns with modern deployment standards. Ideal for CLI usage, Python projects, and multi-environment pipelines.